Headlines
 MOOCs are an important part of non-formal learning for individuals with higher education experience, particularly those who are either unemployed or low earners.
 MOOC certificates currently have low value in the labour market and in formal education.
 Data from studies of MOOCs in Europe sometimes differ from US studies.
 The number of MOOCS offered by HEIs in Europe is growing but they are not yet widespread.
 Digital competence is very important for participation in MOOCs.
 The socio-economic profile of MOOC learners varies according to the subject of the course.
 Feedback and interaction with peers and teachers is important for MOOC learners, but often

Keywords

Academic policy · accreditation · governmental policy · learner demographics · MOOCs · policy recommendations · re-skilling · up-skilling